AI Overview Here's everything you need to know

Since the advent of computers, their ability to perform various tasks has grown exponentially. Over time, humans have significantly enhanced the power of computer systems, expanding their range of applications, increasing their speed, and reducing their size.

A branch of computer science known as artificial intelligence aims to develop computers and machines that exhibit intelligence comparable to that of human beings.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

John McCarthy, known as the father of artificial intelligence, described it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs."

Artificial intelligence involves creating computers, computer-controlled robots, or software that can think intelligently, similar to the way humans do. This is achieved by studying how the human brain thinks and how people learn, make decisions, and solve problems. The insights gained from this research are then used to develop intelligent software and systems.

Philosophy of AI

As humans harnessed the power of computer systems, they began to wonder, "Can a machine think and behave like a human?" This curiosity led to the development of artificial intelligence, with the goal of creating machines that exhibit the same level of intelligence and capability that we highly value in humans.

Goals of AI:

1. To Create Expert Systems: Develop systems that exhibit intelligent behavior, can learn, demonstrate, explain, and provide advice to users.

2. To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Design systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

Key Factors Influencing AI Development

Artificial intelligence is a multidisciplinary field drawing from computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, and engineering. A key focus of AI is developing computer functions that mimic human intelligence, including reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.

The following areas can each contribute to building an intelligent system:

Programming Without and With AI

Programming with and without AI differs in several ways:

Programming Without AI

• A computer program without AI can answer only the specific questions it is designed to solve.

• Any modification to the program requires changes to its structure.

• Modifications are not quick and easy and can negatively impact the program.

Programming With AI

• A computer program with AI can answer a broad range of questions within its domain.

• AI programs can integrate new information independently, allowing for modifications without altering the overall structure.

• Modifications are quick and easy.

What is AI Technique?

In the real world, knowledge comes with several challenges:

• Its volume is immense and almost unimaginable.

• It is often disorganized and poorly formatted.

• It is constantly changing.

AI techniques offer a way to organize and utilize this knowledge efficiently by ensuring that:

• It is understandable to those who provide it.

• It can be easily modified to correct errors.

• It remains useful in various situations, even if it is incomplete or inaccurate.

AI techniques also enhance the speed at which complex programs can be executed.

Applications of AI

AI has made significant strides in various fields, including:

Gaming: AI is pivotal in strategic games like chess, poker, and tic-tac-toe, enabling machines to evaluate numerous possible positions using heuristic knowledge.

Natural Language Processing (NLP): This allows computers to understand and interact using human language.

Expert Systems: These applications combine machines, software, and specialized information to provide reasoning and advice, offering explanations and guidance to users.

Vision Systems: These systems interpret and understand visual input. For example:

• A reconnaissance plane takes photographs to create spatial maps.

• Doctors use clinical expert systems for patient diagnosis.

• Police utilize software to recognize criminals' faces from forensic artist sketches.

Speech Recognition: Some intelligent systems can understand and process spoken language, accommodating various accents, slang, background noise, and changes in voice due to conditions like a cold.

Handwriting Recognition: This software reads handwritten text from paper or a screen, recognizing letter shapes and converting them into editable text.

Intelligent Robots: Robots can perform tasks assigned by humans and have sensors to detect physical data such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, and pressure. Equipped with efficient processors, multiple sensors, and extensive memory, they can learn from mistakes and adapt to new environments.

History of AI:

1923

• Karel Čapek's play "Rossum's Universal Robots" (RUR) premieres in London, marking the first use of the word "robot" in English.

1943

• Foundations for neural networks are established.

1945

• Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumnus, coins the term "robotics."

1950

• Alan Turing introduces the Turing Test for evaluating intelligence and publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence."
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• Claude Shannon publishes a detailed analysis of chess playing as a search problem.

1956

• John McCarthy coins the term "artificial intelligence" and demonstrates the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

1958

• John McCarthy invents the LISP programming language for AI.

1964

• Danny Bobrow's MIT dissertation shows that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems.

1965

• Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT builds ELIZA, an interactive program capable of carrying on a dialogue in English.

1969

• Scientists at Stanford Research Institute develop Shakey, a robot equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem-solving abilities.

1973

• The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University creates Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.

1979

• The Stanford Cart, the first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, is built.

1985

• Harold Cohen creates and demonstrates Aaron, a drawing program.

1990

• Significant advances in AI are achieved, including:

  

Machine learning

Case-based reasoning

Multi-agent planning

Scheduling

Data mining and web crawlers

Natural language understanding and translation

Vision and virtual reality

Gaming

1997

• The Deep Blue chess program defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov.

2000

• Interactive robot pets become commercially available.

• MIT showcases Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions.

• The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.